AUTHOR
Anna Bobkowska

ABSTRACT

Goal of the paper is to provide reflection of deeper aspects of the quality systems. It means to look at things behind quality system rules and structures, human roles and activities. In this extended abstract, an approach, which is based on the ethics of values is briefly discussed in context of the quality culture and general ethics issues. One can argue that real values point to the long-term achievements. Then, a skeleton for analysis of TQM (Total Quality Management) and external audit based systems (like ISO and CMM) according to selected values is presented, and finally some results taken from the author’s work on quality prediction are provided as a point in discussion.

The values of quality systems are proposed as key issue in ethical considerations about accurate, efficient and fair methods of quality assurance. Evolution of the quality culture idea indicates that strict structures and inflexible rules are not sufficient for satisfactory quality system. The culture (according to Schein [1]) has three levels. At the most visible level there are artefacts, art, technology and patterns of behaviour, middle level is reserved for values and can be seen with higher level of awareness, and the last invisible level consists of common assumptions, dependencies on the environment, kinds of human activities and attitudes to reality and truth. Values are ideas determining what is significant and worth working or even fighting for[4]. They are part of personal attitudes, but they are also influenced by the community of which persons are part. In this sense it is possible to speak about values of the system. In the diversity of needs and existing quality systems, analysis of values which form deeper level of culture seem to be a promising approach.

Research in psychology has shown the role of subconscious processing of information. Real motivations and values not always are visible. There is a problem how to reach this internal level that indicates what is really important. The method proposed consists of the analysis of goals and activities in the quality systems, especially priorities, attitude to problems, dilemmas and situations of limited resources. The following values are going to be considered:

• Satisfaction of customers in aspect of involvement in the development, delivery and support of the quality product,
• Satisfaction of employees in aspects of the human values like satisfying human needs, solidarity, justice, freedom-responsibility and other social values,
• Internal coherency as a way of realisation of the quality policy,
• Product quality values in aspect of quality criteria, number of satisfied customers, price, time-to market, etc.,
• Quality system values with criteria of accuracy, flexibility, effectiveness, and efficiency.

Author’s work on quality assurance with quality prediction in early phases of software development has shown the need of flexible system which allows for continuous improvements and quick reaction to the changes in technology or in the market. In software engineering there is still no parameterised model that allows for precise predictions. It is important to integrate complementary work of competent individuals with use of appropriate techniques to obtain good results. Also humanistic approach, giving priorities to persons rather then things or ideas, makes author’s conclusions more similar to TQM philosophy then formulation of the strict rules for all the diversity of projects, goals and needs.

The paper is going to represent analytical approach to ethics in software quality management [3]. Key issue in this analysis is the system of values, which constitute internal level of the culture. In the era of postmodernism, people avoid indicating general systems of values (in fact, values differ depending on the community). However, analysis of them can support searching for the needed solution. Audit-based systems assure trust between developers and customers by the means of external body audits according to the standards that usually are concerned with the development process. TQM is difficult to audit, but it assumes customer and employee satisfaction, continuous development and total involvement. This is a very humanistic approach and it facilitates progress. Maybe that is the reason why ISO-based systems evolve to the TQM direction [2].

REFERENCES

1. Dahlgaard J. J., Kristensen K., Kanji G. K. – Fundamentals of Total Quality Management, Polish edition by PWN, 2000.
2. Grudowski P., Kolman R., Meller A., Preihs J. – Zarzadzanie jakoscia (Quality Management), Wydawnictwo Politechniki Gdanskiej, 1996.
3. Papkin R. H., Stroll A.- Philosophy made simple, Polish edition by Zysk i s-ka, 1994.
4. Siemianowski A. – Szkice z etyki wartosci (Towards the ethics of values), Gaudentinum, 1995.

AUTHOR

Andy Bissett,
School of Computing & Management Sciences,
Sheffield Hallam University,
England
S1 1WB

ABSTRACT

The UK Government has placed a great emphasis upon streamlining government processes and making government more open by the use of information technology. In fact, the UK Prime Minister has stated that all 457 individual government services are to be delivered electronically by 2005, two years behind a similar commitment by the US government (Cross, 2000). No doubt behind the rhetoric of modernisation and transparency there also lies a more traditional concern to save money. However, this far-reaching strategy is having effects beyond the explicit and implicit aims. Beyond the ‘simple’ technical causes of project failure (Hinde, 2000) it is possible to identify emergent effects that were unintended. The case of the UK’s Social Fund is presented in this work in detail, as the ethical consequences of the project to computerise its assessment procedures are immediate.

The UK’s Social Fund is administered by the Government’s Benefit Agency. Its purpose is to provide discretionary, interest free loans of up to œ1000 to the poorest families to assist in the purchase of necessities such as shoes, clothing, cookers and beds. Before the system was computerised in April 1999, approximately 11,000 applications per year were rejected by human assessors. The number of rejections following computerisation has soared to 362,000 (Hartley-Brewer, 2000). It seems that disabled people and those with special needs have been especially affected by the new automated system (CAB, 2000).

The annual government report for the Social Fund notes that the trend to reject applications was rising before computerisation (BA, 2000). However, the enormous increase appears to be an unintended consequence of automating the assessment system which previously allowed human discretion some room for manoeuvre. A Government spokesperson defended the new system, saying that it had helped to end “intrusive and paternalistic” questioning by Benefits Agency staff (Hartley-Brewer, 2000). The Government’s position is that total loans to families in poverty rose by 15% from œ344m in 19989-99 to œ396m in 1999-2000. The same statement claimed that the number of rejections had risen in line with the number of applications (Hartley-Brewer, 2000).

In this work we trace the recent history of the Social Fund and of the steps taken to automate the assessment procedure. We follow the dialectical interplay between this initiative and the various stakeholder reactions. An attempt is made to disentangle the figures and trends from political presentation and ‘spin’, and to explain what has been happening.

We hypothesise that the case of the UK’s Social Fund primarily represents an instance of technological determinism (Davies, 1996; Davies, 1997). The somewhat predictable phenomenon of technological determinism can give rise to locally unpredictable consequences. We draw out the ethical implications of technological determinism and present some advice and guidelines for the future avoidance of unintended consequences. We propose that, by analogy with safety-critical computer systems, an ‘ethical audit’ for such ‘welfare-critical’ systems should be a standard part of the case for such systems at inception. In particular, ethical dimensions and effects must be considered at project inception time, parameterised, and baselined, in order to avoid harmful unintended consequences. This is consistent with, and builds upon, the concept of ethical issues in IT systems being considered at design time (Feng, 1998).

As a secondary dimension, we investigate the difficulty that organisations such as governments often have in recognising and learning from such errors. ‘… designed error and its cover-up are the foundations for producing unethical behaviours in ways that seem reasonable, if not necessary’ (Argyris, 1990, pxiii). Using Argyris’ concept of learning organisations, we try to generalise from the case of the UK Social Fund so that more widely applicable ethical lessons may be learned.

REFERENCES

• Argyris, C. (1990) Overcoming Organisational Defenses, Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.
• CAB (2000) Computerising the Social Fund, Citizens’ Advice Bureau, London, England.
• Cross, M. (2000) Lives online, The Guardian (Society Section), 15th November, 2000, 2-3.
• Davies, P. (1996) Technology: the missing factor in understanding the relationship between culture and business ethics theory, in Barroso, P., Ward BynumT., Rogerson S., and Joyanes L. (eds.) Proceedings ETHICOMP 96, Vol. 1, Complutense University of Madrid, 122-140.
• Davies, P. (1997) Technology and business ethics theory, Business Ethics: A European Review, April (6), 2, 76-80
• BA (2000), Benefits Agency Annual Report and Account for the Social Fund 1999-2000. House of Commons Paper HC618. London: Stationery Office.
• Feng, P. (1998) rethinking technology, revitalising ethics: overcoming barriers to ethical design, in J. van den Hoven, S. Rogerson, T. Ward Bynum, D. Gotterbarn (eds.) Proceedings ETHICOMP 98, Erasmus University Rotterdam, March 1998. 97-108
• Hartley-Brewer, J. (2000), Benefit loans refusals rocket to 362,000, The Guardian 15th August, 2000, 10.
• Hinde, S. (2000) New millennium, old failures, Computers and Security, 19 (2) 119-127.

AUTHOR
Bogdan Bereza-Jarocinski

ABSTRACT

The situation today: opinions on methods, their merits and quality in SW Engineering are based on instinct and seldom backed by any evidence: “OO makes programming easier”, “XP is the solution for the future”, “modelling requirements with Use Cases is easy for customers”, “testing requires discipline and independence”, “rigorous inspections are best method of QA” etc.

It is impossible to prove the correctness of any method-related claim in SW Engineering by other means than statistical. Rational reasoning, mathematical proofs do not apply to human and organisational processes. Experiments like used in physics or chemistry, that are fully repeatable, do not apply, as the relationships observed are only statistical, not permanent.

Therefore, only experimental and observational methods as used in social sciences or medicine are applicable.

The requirements of scientific observation and experimentation – how to apply them to SW Engineering? Correlational and causal relationships. Operational definitions of measured variables. Defining dependent and independent variables. Experimental and control group. Group equivalence. Reactivity. Techniques for finding representative groups. Statistical significance and correlation.

Social and Psychological Aspects of Quality Definitions and Requirements Modelling
Defining quality goals for products is a social science. Finding utility functions for different quality attributes. The comparison of utility functions for different groups of stake holders for SW products. Modelling and prioritising requirements.

Psychology and Ethics of Usability
Non-functional requirements: the growing importance and awareness of usability. Psychological, ethical and social aspects of usability. Modelling usability requirements and testing usability require using scientific observation and experimentation like used in sociology and psychology.

AUTHOR

Barbara Begier
Department of Control,
Robotics and Computer Science
Poznan University of Technology
Pl. Sklodowskiej-Curie 5,
60-965 Poznan,
Poland

Instead of an introduction
A statement, that the computing technology changes more and more forms of work, teaching, and every-day-life, has become the truism. But computers may share ups and downs of previous technical inventions, which are to be just useful tools, like vehicles, vacuum cleaners or even factory robots.

The exhibition entitled “Planet of vision” on the EXPO 2000, Hanover pointed out some social utopias in 20th century (a large city as a promised land, jobs for everybody, a hope that a technical progress would result in a decrease of work). Following this idea, from my personal point of view, a new utopia was born at the beginning of the computing era. The essentials of it are as following: information technology should satisfy everybody, IT products may improve everything, multiculturalism is within one’s grasp, face-to-face relations may be replaced by electronic media, sitting in front of a computer screen all day long causes no health problems, etc.

Strong points of IT solutions are well known. A progress in the computing technology continues to accelerate but at the same time people realize social threats of it. So it is time to start talking about the post-computer era like we often say about the post-industrial era although the industry does not disappear, of course.

Negative social and ethical impact of IT products
The growing dependency on the computing technology may even cause a disaster in a technical sense, the same as an electrical power blackout, for example. Taking into considerations only social impacts one may form a long list of possible wrong effects:

• Next great step of society towards so called McDonaldization [7] caused by a constant focus on effectiveness, standardization, repeatability, and fastness – all of them refer to any sort of activity
• Progressive loneliness of society members, each of them well-equipped with a computer
• Lowering creativity of passive screen-watchers; a reproductive type of work does not result in producing public intellectuals
• Incompetence and thoughtlessness in an informational supermarket
• Replacing the face-to-face relations, including teaching, by the e-commerce and e-learning [2], and losing a chance to follow good personal patterns
• Farther development of bureaucracy supported by IT generating a lot of documents
• Replacing a joy of being a citizen of a global village by a fear that each step in the Internet is possibly monitored and tracked
• Deepening gap between the rich and the poor part of society (the same in a scale of the world, in general) because of a high cost of IT products<\li>
• Ignoring ethical principle [5] in a context of growing competitiveness.

To recapitulate, the professional and ethical responsibility has to be strengthened [3].

Human aspects in an international context
All the history shows that the mankind changes its surrounding, including infrastructure and environment, but people do not change themselves in the same degree.

Societies are constantly under the pressure of mass media, which strongly depend on the number of commercials. Also conferences are supported by companies of the IT profile. So everything concerning computers must be OK and the reliable critics has rather small chance to appear.

Computer applications exceed a barrier, below which a person uses a computer system to do something. Instead of it citizens are forced to behave in a way, which the authors of computer applications have designed often ignoring human predisposition and habits, their likes and dislikes, and so on. According to the computer-centered approach a person is supposed not only to learn how to use computer systems but she/he should adapt himself to the mode provided by the new technology.

Software designers verbally declare their efforts to protect multiculturalism against the domination of the western culture. But this care is usually reduced to the language translation only [3].

The basic and general question is – should we expect that people have to adapt to IT products or to adjust products to human beings.

Concern for quality as a way to respect an individualization of needs and taste
Software engineering adapts many techniques and procedures applied in other technical disciplines. Nowadays a concern for quality has become a standard approach useful for software developers [1, 4, 6]. The process is still far from satisfactory.

The new proposal is not to limit quality features to those basic six goals, specified in the standard ISO 9126, which still mostly refer to technical aspects of a software product. We should specify quality criteria, including functionality, in much wider meaning than it’s been practiced so far.

To secure human objectives – a challenge for software engineering
When Henry Ford invented the assembly line and applied it in his motorcar factories it was found as a great achievement and worldwide progress in technology. But later people stop marveling at it and didn’t want to perform the same activities at their work, year by year.

Using bombastic words, it is necessary to define and to respect human goals and objectives in a general sense. It is far not enough to specify only requirements for a given software product. Maybe it would be better not to build this product and use it at all. The words ‘effective’ and ‘fast’ cannot always be synonyms of the good and valuable. It’s time to formulate human objectives in general. Quality criteria should refer to goals not just results.

An interdisciplinary research is needed to solve some social noticed problems, like poor ability to communicate and cooperate with other people, superficial interests, a lack of responsibility, weak personality, tendency to imitate someone else’s idea rather than to show own creativity, etc.

Some conclusions and critical remarks have born in my mind after due consideration of software process and results of several students’ team projects. I would like to share these experiences with people, who are able to look at things from outside, remembering the well-known Pavlov’s effect. Maybe cooperation of software designers with sociologists, psychologists and even philosophers, should become an every day practice in the future.

REFERENCES

1. Begier B., Software engineering – quality issues (in Polish), Wydawnictwo Politechniki Poznanskiej, Poznan 1999.
2. Begier B., Quality of Web-Based Applications for Educational Purposes, EDICT 2000, Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies in Education (E. Riedling, G. Davis, eds.), Vienna, 6-9th December 2000, pp. 201-208.
3. Chroust Gerhard, Internationalization is more than language translation, in: IDIMT-2000 proceedings, 8th Interdisciplinary Information management Talks, September 20-22, 2000 Zadov, pp. 431-440.
4. Krawczyk H., Sikorski M., Szejko S., Wiszniewski B., An assessment of the essentials of software quality characteristics (in Polish), in the proceedings of the 2nd National Conference on Software Engineering, Zakopane, Poland, 18-20 October 2000.
5. MacIntyre A., A Short History of Ethics, 2nd edition of Polish translation: PWN Warszawa 2000, (originally: The Macmillan Publishing Company 1966).
6. Pressman R. S., Software engineering. A practitioner’s approach (4th edition), McGraw-Hill, New York 1997.
7. Ritzer G., The McDonaldization of Society, Pine Forge Press, A Sage Publications Company, 1996.

AUTHOR

Mohamed Begg
PhD. Researcher/Lecturer
De Montfort University
The Gateway
LEICESTER.

Prof. Simon Rogerson
Director, Centre for Computing & Social Responsibility,
De Montfort University
LEICESTER.

Dr. Ben Fairweather
De Montfort University
LEICESTER.

ABSTRACT

This research paper has been initiated as a result of discussions with several Muslim parents in the city of Leicester, United Kingdom as part of PhD. research undertaken at the Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Monfort University, Leicester. While some aspects of this paper refer to specific issues raised by Muslim parents, this research equally takes into account concerns raised by all parents regardless of their religious beliefs, country of origin and cultural diversity.

We are constantly and increasingly being made aware of the process of assimilation of communication technologies into mainstream society. Advertising billboards give details of web addresses: television programmes invite viewers to engage interactively with the actors via email or web sites on the internet. The huge push to integrate computers into the schools’ curriculum has been carefully planned within the National Grid for Learning and it is proceeding at a very rapid pace.

The onward march of increasing technical sophistication confronts parents and particularly Muslim parents, majority of whom are not ICT literate, with a situation where their children are utilising computer mediated communication in school – and in many cases in their own homes – often without parental supervision or guidance. Because parents (including Muslim Parents) have not been informed about exactly what it is that they are supposed to supervise, or how to respond to their children’s questions about on-line safety, parents instead appear to have been consigned to the peripheries of this onward rush. Many parents in effect find themselves disconnected or set adrift from the process. Others who do not have computer skills also feel ill-prepared to embark on the process of educating their children about on-line suitability and safety.

The dilemma is even worse for Muslim parents as mentioned earlier, as majority of them do not have computer skills themselves, and they also carry the additional obligation to ensure that all the main moral codes according to the Islamic faith are being upheld within the family and development of children. They have to ensure that education of children (which is a paramount requirement according to Islamic faith) is not being corrupted by some of the morally questionable applications of the new technologies like pornography, hate web sites or chat lines leading to deteriorating standard of language being exchanged or contact with paedophiles on the Internet and violent computer games some of which can be down loaded. Human images particularly uncovered, are strictly prohibited in Islam and there are very strict guidelines on man – woman relationships clearly outlined in Al- Qur’an and Hadith – Sayings and practices of Prophet Muhammad (s.w.s). Naked displays and relationships outside marriage carry a heavy penalty according to Islamic laws and their punishment in the hereafter is mentioned in Al-Qur’an as much more severe.

Parents and especially Muslim parents concern about how parents can protect their children from such exposures has been an important reason behind the reluctance of the Saudi Arabian government to allow free access to the Internet to the general public in the Saudi Kingdom. Indeed a limited access since November, 1998 that is being provided, is filtered through a main filter program in the capital Riyadh. Most of the resistance against the Internet has been from the Imams and Islamic scholars whose influence spreads to Muslim communities across the world.

Muslims and Muslim parents have, however, not shown a totally negative response to the technological developments. Indeed some see it as a great opportunity that so much Islamic information is now available to children and adults through the internet to the extent that some people across the globe have actually embraced Islam as their faith purely through information they found on the Islamic web sites on the internet. In addition to this there are several computer programs now available through which children can teach themselves Arabic, Islamic studies and other relevant Islamic rituals.

The responsibilities of the parent in the Information Society have therefore been multiplied in the last ten years when guiding children and young people had already been an uphill task for many parents. While filtering information on the Internet may be one way to tackle the problem, this by itself is not enough. The concerns and demands of parents including Muslim parents go much further than simple filtering programs. Some sociologists and researchers are beginning to provide some guide lines to parents and children. This research is still in its early stages and is always likely to trail behind the actual speed with which technology is advancing.

This paper will highlight some of the main issues surrounding children and parents in the use of new technologies and provide solutions where possible to both Muslim and non-Muslim parents. The following main areas will be covered:

• Recommended Islamic approach to safe use of ICT at home.
• Recognising and avoiding the internet’s hidden dangers.
• Supervising your child’s Internet access when you are not there.
• Spot dangerous junk mail, scams, and inappropriate chat rooms
• Use filters, bookmarks and other technologies to screen content.
• Set up rules for Internet behaviour for both you and your child.
• Handle any serious problems, particularly if your child is the culprit.

It is expected that this paper will go some way in easing the anxieties of both Muslim and Non-Muslim parents in the new Information Society.

AUTHOR
Peter Bednar & Andy Bissett

ABSTRACT

There seems to be no obvious reason why a gender imbalance should exist, yet this phenomenon is evident to all who work in and around the Information Technology field. From training and education through to practitioners, managers, and academia, women are in a significant minority, and tend to receive lower remuneration on average than their male colleagues (Panteli et al, 1998).

IT and its associated industries have become a highly significant contribution to economies around the world. Everywhere predictions are being made that IT will provide the catalyst for new economic growth which will revitalise older industries and that new and unimagined synergies will emerge. Internationally there is an ever growing advocacy of emerging technologies and changes in organisations which in combination with globalisation, environmental and ecological issues are viewed as having major economic impact in the new global community (Giddens, 2000).Yet the gender imbalance so evident in many sectors of public and economic life is replicating itself even in the new ‘sunrise’ industry. Doubtless this gendered compartmentalisation is in part a reflection of wider (male biased) social and technological issues; perhaps it is exactly because IT has been accorded such significance that women are not equally represented in these high-earning ‘plum’ roles. It is a striking contradiction that a field to which women have made such notable contributions (Leeming, 1996), and whose sole requirement is human brain-power, should so little reflect the abilities of 50% of its potential workforce and end users.

We begin with some brief empirical observations to illustrate the gender imbalance. A typical entry point into the industry is examined – the education process; subsequent sections highlight the gender imbalance within the industry, in terms of a large UK bank (Lauener, 1999), and in terms of membership of professional bodies (Prior et al, 1999).

We go on to ask: what are the effects within the industry of this imbalance? If women are under-represented in the IT industry, then many aspects of the industry will be subtly influenced. There is some evidence, for instance, that the ethical outlooks of male and female IT professionals differ (Bissett & Shipton, 1999). A second outcome to be influenced concerns the nature of the artefacts themselves that are produced by this far-reaching industry. If these are produced in a certain way by a certain kind of person, what are the effects for those of us who are not included within that specific social alignment (Green et al, 1993)?

There seems to be very little evidence that equal opportunity programs have had the wanted impact. However, as Giddens (1984, 1991) suggests it is still possible and meaningful to create and design a future life space with the aim of solving different social and cultural problems. No doubt if the industry could make itself more attractive to women, then more women would wish to study computing. But this is not the only problem: another main dimension has to do with ‘gender ignorant’ theories and practices. A naive understanding of information systems, organisational theories and practices might inhibit a more adequate and progressive understanding of the gender dimension. Worse still, the issue of how innovation is introduced (in this most innovative of fields) is suggested to have an impact on the degree to which it causes unequal consequences (e.g. Rogers, 1995, p.435).

The IS discussion needs to take into consideration and support a greater awareness of gender issues and their potential organisational and social implications. When engaging in efforts to help individuals to combine their (work and family) roles to advance organisational change and benefits, gender strategies become increasingly important (e.g. Haas et. al. 2000). Also, given that IS research practice has often treated gender issues as being either non-existent or non-relevant in the IS arena, there is a need to expand our field to include gender strategy. Some ways forward such as Contextual Analysis (Bednar, 2000) are briefly outlined.

Finally, research about unequal distribution of power might start out with general power issues that apply to women and men alike (although any serious study of unequal power distribution would call for a look into possible gender issues). Several of the arguments put forward in this paper would also be valid for effects of unequal power distribution in general. This would include unequal power distribution in such a context as the development and use of IT artefacts for socially distinct groups, e.g. between young versus older people, blind or deaf persons, and so forth.

REFERENCES

Bednar P. M. (2000). A Contextual Integration of Individual and Organizational Learning Perspectives as Part of IS Analysis. Journal of Informing Science. p145 – 156. Volume 3 No 3.

Bissett A. & Shipton G. (1999). An Investigation Into Gender Differences in the Ethical Attitudes of IT Professionals, in J. van den Hoven, S. Rogerson, T. Ward Bynum, D. Gotterbarn (eds) Proceedings ETHICOMP’99, LUISS Guido Carli, Rome, October 1999. CD-ROM ISBN 88-900396-0-4.

Giddens A. (1984). The Constitution of Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Giddens A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Giddens A. (2000). The Third Way and its Critics. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Green E., Owen J. and Pain D., eds. (1993). Gendered by design? : information technology and office systems. London: Taylor and Francis.

Haas L. L., Hwang P. & Russel G. ed. (2000). Organizational Change & Gender Equity: International Perspectives on Fathers and Mothers at the Workplace. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Lauener A. (1999). Survey of the use of a System Development Method at a large UK bank, Sheffield Hallam University, October 1999.

Leeming, A. (1996). The contribution of women to computing, in Barroso, P., Ward BynumT., Rogerson S., and Joyanes L. (eds.) Proceedings ETHICOMP 96, Vol. 1, Complutense University of Madrid, 122-140.

Panteli A., Stack J., Atkinson M., & Ramsay H. (1998). Women in computing: the ethical responsibility of the IT industry, in J. van den Hoven, S. Rogerson, T. Ward Bynum, D. Gotterbarn (eds) Proceedings ETHICOMP’98, Erasmus University Rotterdam, March 1998. 535-546.

Prior M., Rogerson S., Fairweather N.B., Butler L., Dixon S. (1999). Is IT Ethical? Sidcup UK: Institute for the Management of Information Systems. Rogers E. M. (1995). Diffusion of Innovations. 4:th ed. New York: The Free Press.